Members
01/Overview
The Pug is a breed with a distinctive and charming personality that is perfectly matched by its unique physical appearance. Originating from China, these small, sturdy dogs are known for their playful and affectionate nature. Pugs have a rich history as cherished companions in both Eastern and Western cultures, earning a reputation for their sociable and gentle temperaments. Their expressive, wrinkled faces and compact bodies make them easily recognizable (and beloved) by many around the globe.
Highlights
02/History
The history of the Pug is a tapestry woven through time and cultures. These dogs were highly esteemed in Chinese imperial courts and are believed to have originated during the Han dynasty (B.C. 206 to A.D. 200). Pugs, known as 'Lo-sze' in their original homeland, were not only companions but also symbols of status and luxury, often kept in lavish conditions and guarded by soldiers.
The breed’s distinct appearance, with its compact body, deeply wrinkled face, and curled tail, was intentionally bred to be cherished by the Chinese nobility. Legend even suggests that the wrinkles were valued as they resembled good luck symbols in Chinese script.
As China began to trade with European nations, the Pug made its way westward. Dutch traders in particular were instrumental in introducing the Pug to Europe in the late 16th century. The breed rapidly gained popularity in the Netherlands and became the official dog of the House of Orange after a Pug reportedly saved the life of William, Prince of Orange, by alerting him to approaching assassins.
In the 18th century, Pugs flourished throughout Europe. They were especially favored in Italy and Spain, often depicted in paintings and art of the period. In France, Napoleon's wife Josephine used her Pug, named Fortune, to carry secret messages to her husband while she was imprisoned.
The breed's popularity in England soared during the Victorian era. Queen Victoria herself had many Pugs, and her passion for the breed played a significant role in popularizing them. It was during this period that the breed's written Standard was developed, cataloging its distinctive features.
In the United Kingdom, the Royal Kennel Club quickly recognized the Pug. The breed's charm made it a favorite among American dog lovers as well, and the American Kennel Club (AKC) granted recognition in 1885. Internationally, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) also acknowledged the Pug, consolidating its status as a beloved companion worldwide.
03/Appearance
An adult Pug typically stands between 10 and 13 inches tall at the shoulder and weighs approximately 14 to 18 pounds. Despite the breed’s small stature, a compact and muscular build places the Pug among the largest of the Toy dogs.
Skull: The skull is large, round, and without indentation. Its shape contributes significantly to the breed's characteristic expression, and .
Expression: Pugs have a remarkably soft and solicitous expression, often noted for its human-like quality. This expression is largely due to the qualities of their unique facial features.
Eyes: The eyes of a Pug are dark, prominent, and spherical, giving them an imploring, expressive look. Their size and prominence are defining traits of the breed.
Ears: Pugs have two types of ears: "rose" and "button." The latter, where the ear folds forward, is more desirable in show dogs. The ears are small, thin, and set high on the head.
Muzzle: The muzzle is short, blunt, and square, but not upturned. Wrinkles contribute to the Pug’s unique facial appearance.
Nose: The nose is typically black, with well-open nostrils.
Bite: Pugs have a very slightly undershot bite.
The Pug possesses a square, cobby frame and straight legs. Despite the breed’s small size, these dogs are quite muscular and substantial in build. Their bodies are well-proportioned, with a back that is short and level from the withers to the high-set tail. The breed's compactness of form is a defining characteristic that contributes to its distinctive silhouette and somewhat rolling gait.
Texture: The coat of a Pug is fine, smooth, short, soft, glossy, lying flat against the body. The texture contributes to the breed's charming appearance, making it not only pleasant to touch but also giving it a rather polished look.
Standard Colors
Standard Markings
04/Consider
The Pug, with its distinctive face and charming personality, is a favorite among dog lovers and show enthusiasts. However, owning a Pug involves specific responsibilities and considerations. Prospective owners need to understand the breed's characteristics and requirements to provide a happy, healthy life for their furry companion.
Interaction With Family
The level of affection a breed typically shows towards family members and familiar individuals.
Good With Other Dogs
The innate friendliness of a dog towards other dogs can depend on its breed.
Good With Young Children
The degree to which a breed will typically be patient with young children.
Amount Of Shedding
How much hair a breed typically leaves behind on clothes, furniture and floors.
Frequency Of Grooming
How often a breed needs brushing, bathing or a professional trim to stay in condition.
Amount Of Drooling
How prone a breed is to drool — worth knowing before you keep a towel by the door.
Openness To Strangers
How openly a breed tends to greet new people, visitors and strangers.
Protective Nature
How likely a breed is to alert you to — and stand between you and — anything unfamiliar.
Playfulness Level
How enthusiastic a breed stays about games and play well past puppyhood.
Trainability Level
How readily a breed takes direction and works with you rather than around you.
Barking Level
How much a breed uses its voice, and how readily.
Energy Level
How much get-up-and-go a breed brings to an average day.
Health
Pugs, known for their sturdy and compact build, also have unique health needs. It's vital for potential caretakers to be aware of these health aspects and work closely with a reputable breeder and veterinarian. The average lifespan of a Pug ranges between 13 and 15 years. With attentive care, regular veterinary check-ups, and a proper diet, Pugs can enjoy a full and healthy life.
The Pug is renowned for its delightful personality, which makes it an excellent companion for a variety of owners, including those new to dog ownership. Understanding the temperament and behavioral traits of a Pug is essential for anyone considering adding this breed to their family.
Pugs are celebrated for their sociable and affectionate disposition. They flourish in the company of humans and are frequently referred to as velcro dogs due to their strong inclination to stay close to their owners. Renowned for their friendly and playful nature, Pugs typically interact well with children and other pets. However, it's always advisable to supervise their interactions with young children to safeguard the wellbeing of both parties.
When it comes to sensitivity, Pugs are highly responsive to their humans' mood and environment. They can easily become upset or anxious if there's tension or loud voices in the home. This sensitivity makes them excellent companions but also means they require a peaceful and stable environment.
While Pugs enjoy the company of their human companions, they can also tolerate being alone for short periods. However, they are not a breed that does well with long periods of isolation and can develop separation anxiety if left alone too frequently or for extended periods.
In terms of friendliness towards strangers, Pugs are generally welcoming and friendly. They typically greet new people with enthusiasm and a wagging tail, making them poor guard dogs but excellent greeters.
Exercise Expectations
The energy level of a Pug is generally moderate. They are playful and enjoy short bursts of activity, but they tire easily, especially in hot or humid weather due to their brachycephalic (flat-faced) nature. Therefore, it's important to monitor them during exercise to avoid overheating and respiratory distress. Daily walks are essential for Pugs, providing not only physical exercise but also mental stimulation. These walks should be kept relatively short but frequent, ideally two to three times a day. Pugs enjoy a leisurely stroll where they can explore their surroundings, rather than intensive or prolonged exercise sessions. Playfulness is a characteristic trait of Pugs, and they enjoy interactive games such as fetch or gentle tug-of-war. These activities not only help in keeping them physically active but also provide valuable bonding time with their owners. Indoor play is particularly beneficial for Pugs, allowing them to exercise in a controlled environment, especially during extreme weather conditions. The intensity of exercise for a Pug should be moderate. Vigorous exercise or strenuous activities should be avoided, as Pugs can quickly become exhausted and may have difficulty breathing. Gentle play sessions and short walks are ideal for keeping them active without overexerting them.
Living with a Pug is a unique experience filled with joy and companionship. These dogs are adaptable to various living environments, making them suitable for both apartment living and homes with more space. Despite their adaptability, specific considerations are necessary to promote a Pug's comfort and well-being.
Pugs thrive in apartment settings due to their small size and moderate exercise requirements. Their ability to adapt to smaller living spaces makes them ideal for apartment dwellers, as long as their daily exercise and mental stimulation needs are met. However, it's important to manage their occasional tendency to bark to maintain a peaceful environment for neighbors.
When it comes to weather conditions, Pugs have specific needs due to their brachycephalic nature. They are sensitive to extreme temperatures, particularly heat. In hot and humid weather, Pugs are at risk of overheating and should be kept in cool, air-conditioned spaces as much as possible. Outdoor activities should be limited during hot days, and caretakers should be vigilant for signs of heat stress.
In colder climates, Pugs can handle mild cold but are not suited for extreme cold temperatures. Their short coats offer limited insulation, so providing a sweater or coat during outdoor activities in cold weather can help keep them warm and comfortable.
Additionally, Pugs enjoy being part of family activities and are known for their loving and affectionate nature. They bond closely with their family members and thrive on attention and interaction. This breed's sociable nature makes them great companions, but they do not do well with long periods of solitude. Making sure that they have company for most of the day, whether it's human or another pet, can help prevent feelings of loneliness or anxiety.
05/Puppies
Bringing a Pug puppy into your home is a delightful and significant undertaking. These small, charming dogs are known for their playful and affectionate nature, making them wonderful companions. However, it's essential to start their training and socialization early to help them grow into well-adjusted and well-behaved adult dogs.
Caring for a Pug puppy requires attention to several important aspects to promote their healthy development and well-being. Firstly, creating a safe and nurturing environment is crucial. This includes having a comfortable space for the puppy to sleep, eat, and a secure area to play and explore. Pug puppies are curious and can get into mischief, so puppy-proofing your home to prevent accidents is important.
Nutrition is a key factor in a Pug puppy's life. They require a balanced diet formulated for small breed puppies to support their growth and energy needs. It's essential to feed them the right amount of food and establish a regular feeding schedule to prevent obesity, a common issue in Pugs. Monitoring their weight and growth is important to make sure that they stay healthy.
Socialization and training should begin early for Pug puppies. Exposing them to various people, pets, and experiences helps them develop into well-socialized adult dogs. Gentle and positive training methods work best with Pugs, focusing on basic commands and house training. Crate training can be a beneficial tool in providing a safe haven for the puppy and assisting in house training.
Regular veterinary check-ups are vital to track the puppy's health, growth, and development. This includes keeping up with vaccinations, parasite control, and addressing any breed-specific health concerns that may arise. Consultations with the vet are also an opportunity to discuss spaying or neutering and any particular health considerations unique to the breed.
06/Activities
Pugs may be small, but they have a big presence and can actively participate in various dog activities and sports. While they're not typically seen as athletic dogs, like some breeds, Pugs enjoy activities that engage their minds and allow them to spend quality time with their human companions.
Obedience: Pugs are known for their charming personalities, but they can also be a bit stubborn. Obedience competitions can be a fun challenge for them, helping to strengthen their listening skills and deepen the bond with their handlers.
Rally Obedience: This sport involves navigating a course with signs indicating different obedience exercises to perform. It's less rigid than traditional Obedience and can be enjoyable for Pugs, who often do well with the interactive nature of the course.
Agility: Although not as agile as some breeds, Pugs can still enjoy low-impact Agility courses. They might not be the fastest, but Agility can provide mental stimulation and light physical exercise.
Scent Work: Pugs can participate in Scent Work, which involves using their sense of smell to identify and locate a scent. It's a mentally engaging activity that taps into their natural instincts.
Tracking: Similar to Scent Work, Tracking allows Pugs to use their natural scenting abilities. They follow a trail to find a specific object or person, providing mental exercise and a sense of purpose.
Conformation Shows: Although this is not a sport, Pugs often participate in dog shows. These shows evaluate a breed's appearance and adherence to the breed standard.
Trick Training: Teaching Pugs tricks can be both entertaining and mentally stimulating for them. They enjoy the attention and treats that often come with successful trick training.
Therapy Work: Pugs are excellent Therapy dogs due to their affectionate nature and love for human interaction. They can be trained to provide comfort and support in hospitals, schools, and nursing homes.
Canine Good Citizen (CGC): The AKC’s Canine Good Citizen program is a good fit for Pugs. It teaches good manners at home and in the community, a beneficial program for both dog and owner.
Gallery
07/Standards
The Pug is recognized by the world’s leading registries and kennel organizations, which categorize the breed into a specific Group based on its unique characteristics. This breed is recognized worldwide under the following Group designations:
The ideal Pug is described by a Breed Standard that is approved by each of the world’s leading registries and kennel organizations. The Standards for this breed may be found in the following links:
08/Clubs
Pug clubs are essential in nurturing a community around this charming breed, providing resources, and providing support for both experienced and new Pug owners. These clubs play a pivotal role in promoting, protecting, and preserving the Pug breed, offering extensive information on breed standards, health concerns, rescue operations, and various events.
The Pug Dog Club of America, established in 1931 and recognized as an official partner club of the American Kennel Club (AKC), is a central organization for Pug enthusiasts in the United States.
In Canada, the Pug Club of Canada, founded in 1987, serves as an official partner club of the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC).
n the United Kingdom, The Pug Dog Club, founded in 1883, is a key organization within the Pug community and is recognized as an official partner club of The Kennel Club (UK).
09/Rescue
Pugs occasionally find themselves in need of new homes due to various unforeseen circumstances. Pug rescue groups play an instrumental role in these situations, stepping in to help these charming canines find their forever homes.
In the United States, the Pug Dog Club of America's HOPE is a significant force in Pug rescue. Affiliated with the national breed club, this committee is dedicated to rescuing Pugs, providing necessary care, and rehoming them.
In Canada, Pugalug Pug Rescue, located in Toronto, Ontario, focuses on transitioning Pugs from their past to their future forever homes.
In the United Kingdom, The Pug Dog Welfare & Rescue Association has been rescuing and rehoming Pugs since 1973.
10/Facts
Ancient Origins
The Pug has a history that dates back to ancient China, where the dogs were prized by emperors and lived in luxurious accommodations. Some were even guarded by soldiers.
Symbol of Good Luck
In Chinese culture, Pugs were considered symbols of good luck, which is one reason they were so favored by the Chinese Imperial Court.
A Breed of Many Names
Throughout history, the Pug has been known by several names, including "Lo-sze" in ancient China and "Mopshond" in Holland.
Royal Companions
Pugs have been the favored pets of royalty across Europe, including Queen Victoria of England and William I of Orange, who reportedly had a Pug save his life by alerting him to approaching assassins.
Napoleon's Connection
It is said that Josephine, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, had a Pug named Fortune who carried secret messages to Napoleon while she was imprisoned.
A Star in Hollywood
Pugs have made their mark in Hollywood, appearing in movies such as Men in Black where a Pug named Frank plays a memorable role.
11/FAQ
Pugs typically have a life expectancy of around 13 to 15 years. Their lifespan can be influenced by diet, exercise, and genetics, and regular veterinary care will contribute to a long and happy life.
Official Standard of the Pug
General Appearance: Symmetry and general appearance are decidedly square and cobby. A lean, leggy Pug and a dog with short legs and a long body are equally objectionable.
Size, Proportion, Substance: The Pug should be multum in parvo, and this condensation (if the word may be used) is shown by compactness of form, well knit proportions, and hardness of developed muscle. Weight from 14 to 18 pounds (dog or bitch) desirable. Proportion square.
Head: The head is large, massive, round - not apple-headed, with no indentation of the skull. The eyes are dark in color, very large, bold and prominent, globular in shape, soft and solicitous in expression, very lustrous, and, when excited, full of fire. The ears are thin, small, soft, like black velvet. There are two kinds - the "rose" and the "button." Preference is given to the latter. The wrinkles are large and deep. The muzzle is short, blunt, square, but not upfaced. Bite - A Pug's bite should be very slightly undershot.
Neck, Topline, Body: The neck is slightly arched. It is strong, thick, and with enough length to carry the head proudly. The short back is level from the withers to the high tail set. The body is short and cobby, wide in chest and well ribbed up. The tail is curled as tightly as possible over the hip. The double curl is perfection.
Forequarters: The legs are very strong, straight, of moderate length, and are set well under. The elbows should be directly under the withers when viewed from the side. The shoulders are moderately laid back. The pasterns are strong, neither steep nor down. The feet are neither so long as the foot of the hare, nor so round as that of the cat; well split-up toes, and the nails black. Dewclaws are generally removed.
Hindquarters: The strong, powerful hindquarters have moderate bend of stifle and short hocks perpendicular to the ground. The legs are parallel when viewed from behind. The hindquarters are in balance with the forequarters. The thighs and buttocks are full and muscular. Feet as in front.
Coat: The coat is fine, smooth, soft, short and glossy, neither hard nor woolly.
Color: The colors are fawn or black. The fawn color should be decided so as to make the contrast complete between the color and the trace and mask.
Markings: The markings are clearly defined. The muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks, thumb mark or diamond on forehead, and the back trace should be as black as possible. The mask should be black. The more intense and well defined it is, the better. The trace is a black line extending from the occiput to the tail.
Gait: Viewed from the front, the forelegs should be carried well forward, showing no weakness in the pasterns, the paws landing squarely with the central toes straight ahead. The rear action should be strong and free through hocks and stifles, with no twisting or turning in or out at the joints. The hind legs should follow in line with the front. There is a slight natural convergence of the limbs both fore and aft. A slight roll of the hindquarters typifies the gait which should be free, self-assured, and jaunty.
Temperament: This is an even-tempered breed, exhibiting stability, playfulness, great charm, dignity, and an outgoing, loving disposition.
Disqualification - Any color other than fawn or black.
Approved April 8, 2008
Effective June 3, 2008
Meet the Judges
Patricia Proctor reflects on judging at Westminster 2026, highlighting her Breed assignments and overall quality of entries.
Meet the Breeders
Elois Veltman & Virginia Flatley share insights from 59 years of breeding Pugs with a focus on soundness, type, and mentorship.
Meet the Breeders
Carla Rose of Rose Pugs shares 30+ years of passion for breeding healthy, sound Pugs and promoting responsible dog ownership.
Discover the evolving excellence of Pugs: breed type, judging tips, health strides, and the art of true sportsmanship.
Discover the Pug: a loving, playful companion with a big heart, adored for centuries, and cherished as a family favorite!
All About Judging
Learn how to judge a Pug, focusing on correct bite examination, head structure, movement, and color standards.
Meet the Breeders
Madeline Buehler on breeding and showing Pugs: insights on evaluation and the challenges facing small preservation breeders.
Discover the Pug’s ancient origins and endearing qualities. From Chinese emperors to modern homes, they remain treasured companions.
Meet the Breeders
Douglas Huffman is the breeder behind Broughcastl Pugs. Read about the kennel’s beginnings, champions dogs, puppies, photos & more!
The tail of a Pug is another notable breed feature. It should be set high and tightly curled over the hip. A double curl is considered perfection, though a single curl is also acceptable. The tail is a breed hallmark.
A Note About Color: In fawn dogs, the color should be decided so as to make the contrast complete between the fawn color and the trace (a black line extending from the occiput to the tail) and mask. The mask should be black. All markings should be clearly defined, and the muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks, thumb mark (or diamond) on forehead, and the trace should be as black as possible. The more intense and well defined the black, the better.
Coat Type
Smooth
The structure of the coat this breed carries.
Coat Length
Short
How long the breed's coat grows when kept in condition.
Adaptability Level
How easily a breed copes with changes in home, routine, noise and weather.
Mental Stimulation Needs
How much a breed needs a job, a puzzle or training to stay content.
Their intelligence, combined with a streak of stubbornness, can sometimes pose a challenge in training. Pugs are food motivated, which can be an advantage in training sessions, but caretakers need to balance this with the risk of overfeeding. Their intelligence means they respond well to positive reinforcement techniques, such as treats and praise.
Proper feeding and nutrition are vital for a Pug's health and well-being. This breed has specific dietary needs that should be carefully managed to maintain optimal health and prevent obesity, a common issue in Pugs.
When feeding a Pug puppy, it's important to provide a balanced diet formulated for small-breed puppies. This provides them with the necessary nutrients for growth and development. Typically, a Pug puppy should be fed three to four small meals a day. This helps manage their energy levels and supports healthy growth.
As a Pug matures into adulthood, the feeding regimen should be adjusted accordingly. An adult Pug typically thrives on two meals a day. The amount of food a Pug needs can vary based on its age, size, activity level, and metabolism, but generally, an adult Pug will require about ½ to 1 cup of high-quality dry dog food per day, divided into two meals. It's important to measure their food and monitor their weight regularly to prevent overfeeding.
Given their propensity for weight gain, Pugs need a well-balanced diet that is not too high in calories but still fulfills their nutritional needs. Caretakers should look for foods that support their overall health, including their skin, coat, and joint health.
Treats should be given in moderation, making up no more than 10% of a Pug's daily caloric intake. It's also important to provide the dog with continuous access to fresh water.
Training a Pug can be both a delightful and challenging experience. Known for their intelligence and sometimes stubborn nature, Pugs require a patient and consistent approach to training. Understanding their personality and motivation is key to effective training.
Pugs are intelligent dogs, but they often have a mind of their own. This means they can be quick learners, but they may also choose to be selectively obedient. Therefore, it's important to establish yourself as a calm, firm, and consistent leader in the training process. Using positive reinforcement techniques, such as treats and praise, works well with Pugs. They are especially motivated by food, which can be a powerful tool in training sessions. However, it's crucial to balance this with their tendency towards obesity.
Training should start early, as Pug puppies are more malleable and open to learning. Socialization is also an important part of their training, helping them become well-adjusted and confident dogs. Introducing them to various people, environments, and situations can help prevent fearfulness or aggression as they grow.
Pugs generally have a low tendency to bark without cause. However, like any dog, they can develop a habit of unnecessary barking if bored, anxious, or seeking attention. Training and providing sufficient mental and physical stimulation can help manage this behavior.
Their wanderlust potential is relatively low; Pugs are more inclined to stay close to their human companions. Still, basic commands like 'come', 'stay', and 'leave it' are essential for their safety. Due to their intelligence, Pugs can excel in obedience training when engaged and motivated.
Despite their small size, Pugs can have a prey drive, showing interest in chasing smaller animals. This behavior can be managed with consistent training and supervision.
Grooming Expectations
Pugs shed moderately to heavily, so regular brushing is necessary to manage loose hair and maintain coat health. Brushing a few times a week with a soft-bristle brush or grooming glove can help, especially during shedding seasons when more frequent brushing may be needed. The distinctive deep facial wrinkles of Pugs require special attention. These folds should be cleaned regularly with a damp cloth or special dog wipe to prevent the accumulation of dirt and moisture, which can cause infections. It's crucial to dry these areas thoroughly after cleaning. Bathing a Pug should be done occasionally, using a dog-specific shampoo to avoid skin irritation. Due to their short coat, Pugs don’t need frequent baths, but it's important to make sure that they are completely dry after bathing, paying extra attention to their skin folds. Regular nail trimming is important to prevent discomfort and mobility issues for Pugs. Checking and trimming their nails monthly is recommended to avoid overgrowth that can cause pain and walking difficulties. Ear and eye care are also vital. Regular ear cleaning is needed to prevent infections, particularly considering Pugs' floppy ears. Their prominent eyes should be checked and cleaned regularly to remove any discharge or debris and to prevent irritation.
