German Shepherd Dog Breed

About the German Shepherd Dog

The German Shepherd Dog, often simply referred to as the German Shepherd or GSD, is one of the world’s most recognizable and popular breeds. Originating from Germany, this noble breed was originally developed for herding and guarding sheep, but its adaptability has since propelled it into a myriad of roles beyond its pastoral beginnings. Known for its versatility, intelligence, and loyalty, the GSD is lauded as an ideal working partner, serving many roles in police and military work as well as in search & rescue operations. The breed’s strong protective instincts, combined with its high trainability and eagerness to please, have also made the “Shepherd” a cherished family companion.

AKC Group

Herding

Height

22 – 24 inches

Weight

50 – 90 pounds

Lifespan

7 – 10 years

History of the German Shepherd Dog

The origins of the German Shepherd Dog trace back to late 19th-century Germany. The breed was developed primarily for the purpose of herding sheep and protecting them from predators. Given Germany’s vastness, there was a necessity for a hardworking, intelligent, and versatile dog capable of managing large flocks across varied terrain.

The man credited with the formal creation of the German Shepherd Dog as a distinct breed is Captain Max von Stephanitz. In the 1890s, he envisioned a German breed that would be unmatched in its capability as a herding dog. In 1899, after coming across a dog named Hektor Linksrhein, who possessed all the qualities he was looking for, von Stephanitz purchased the dog and changed his name to Horand von Grafrath. Horand would become the very first German Shepherd Dog registered and is considered the progenitor of the breed.

Von Stephanitz and his peers formed the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for the German Shepherd Dog) and worked diligently on refining the breed. They put a strong emphasis on traits such as intelligence, loyalty, and discipline. As industrialization spread across Germany and reduced the need for herding dogs, von Stephanitz advocated for the breed to be employed in other roles, such as police and military work, because of its adaptability and intelligence.

During World Wars I and II, the German Shepherd Dog’s valor and effectiveness as a Military, Rescue, and Messenger Dog became evident. The dogs’ exceptionalism brought them to the attention of the world, elevating their global popularity.

However, due to anti-German sentiment that followed the wars, the breed was renamed in many parts of the world. In England, the breed became known as the Alsatian, a name that persisted until 1977 when it reverted back to German Shepherd Dog.

The American Kennel Club recognized the German Shepherd Dog in 1908, and since then, the breed has been one of the most popular and recognized in the United States. Its roles have expanded from herding and protection to Search and Rescue, Police and Service Work, and of course, companionship.

The legacy of the German Shepherd Dog is not just its versatility but also its loyalty, bravery, and dedication to whatever task it undertakes. Whether it’s in the field herding sheep, in a war zone saving lives, or at home providing companionship, the German Shepherd has proved time and again why it remains one of the most revered dog breeds in the world.

General Appearance

Height & Weight

Adult male German Shepherd Dogs typically stand between 24 and 26 inches tall at the shoulder, with mature females being slightly shorter, usually ranging from 22 to 24 inches.

In terms of weight, males usually fall within the 65 to 90 pounds range, while females tend to be lighter, weighing in between 50 and 70 pounds.

Proportion & Substance

The German Shepherd Dog embodies a balance of strength and agility. When observed in profile, the breed is longer than tall by a ratio of 10 to 8.5 as measured from the prosternum to the rear edge of the pelvis. Length, however, is not achieved by a long back. Instead, the ribs are carried well back and the loin is relatively short. The result is a dog that is substantial, not spindly, with a well-muscled frame and an unmistakable nimbleness and nobility.

Coat Texture, Colors & Markings

Texture: The double coat of the German Shepherd Dog can be described as dense and straight, with the presence of a harsh outer layer and a thick, insulating undercoat. The outer coat lies close to the body and is dense, harsh, and straight, although a slightly wavy topcoat is acceptable. The ideal coat is of medium length, but the head, foreface, ears, front of the legs, and feet are covered with short hair. The coat on the neck is generally thicker and longer, and the tail typically presents a rather bushy appearance. Soft, silky, woolly, curly, open, or long coats are unacceptable in the breed.

A Note About Color: Typically, the German Shepherd Dog appears in a variety of rich colors, including expressions of saddle, sable, bi-color, and solid black. Pale colors, and diluted blues and livers, are serious faults. A GSD must have a solid black nose, and a white dog is unacceptable in the breed.

Head

• Skull: The German Shepherd Dog’s skull is proportionate to its body, appearing broad when viewed from the front and tapering gracefully to the eyes. The forehead is only slightly arched.
• Expression: Known for its alertness and intelligence, the GSD possesses an expression that is keen, alert, and composed. The “look” reveals a nobility that’s unique to the breed.
• Eyes: Medium-sized and almond-shaped, the breed’s eyes are dark in color and set a little obliquely. Combined, these features imbue the breed with an enigmatic and self-assured expression.
• Ears: German Shepherds are recognized by their large ears which stand erect and are open at the front. They are carried parallel and pointed upward, showcasing the breed’s innate alertness.
• Muzzle: Strong and long, the muzzle is parallel to the skull, with firmly fitted lips and strongly developed jaws.
• Nose: The nose is always black, adding a contrasting accent to the distinctly masculine or feminine head.
• Bite: German Shepherd Dogs have 42 strong teeth that meet in a scissors bite, with the upper incisors closely overlapping the lower incisors. Missing teeth are undesirable and an undershot or overshot bite is unacceptable in the breed.

Tail

The tail of the German Shepherd Dog is bushy and reaches at least to the hock, but not beyond the mid-point of the metatarsus. It hangs in a gentle curve when the dog is at rest. When in motion or excited, the curve may become more pronounced, but the tail is never raised beyond the level of the back. The tail offers a balanced continuation of the topline, adding elegance to the dog’s silhouette. A natural tail is a defining characteristic of the breed.

The German Shepherd Dog – What to Consider?

Owning a German Shepherd Dog is a commitment to a loyal, intelligent, and versatile canine companion. These dogs are known for their dedication to their families, and their alertness makes them outstanding guardians. However, the breed’s strong working lineage also means they require regular mental and physical stimulation. Training, socialization, and daily engagement are crucial to ensure they develop into well-rounded partners. Without proper training, their protective instincts can become misdirected, and without sufficient exercise, they can become restless or even destructive.

German Shepherd Dog Health

German Shepherds are generally robust and healthy dogs, but like all breeds and mixed breeds, they can be susceptible to certain health conditions. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and an active lifestyle can help to maintain a longer, healthier life for this breed.

Lifespan: The average lifespan for a German Shepherd Dog ranges from 7 to 10 years. However, with proper care and regular medical attention, many live longer, fulfilling lives.

Potential Health Risks

German Shepherd Dogs, while robust and generally healthy, can be predisposed to certain health concerns. Some of the more common issues include:

• Hip Dysplasia: This is a condition where the thigh bone doesn’t fit snugly into the hip joint. It can lead to discomfort and arthritis if not addressed.
• Elbow Dysplasia: Similar to hip dysplasia, this is a hereditary malformation of the elbow joint.
• Degenerative Myelopathy: This is a serious disease that affects the spinal cord, leading to paralysis.
• Gastric Torsion (Bloat): A life-threatening condition, bloat occurs when the stomach fills with gas, food, and/or fluid and twists upon itself. Immediate action is needed if gastric torsion is suspected.
• Epilepsy: This is a rather common neurological disorder that can cause recurrent seizures. The condition can be hereditary or may stem from an unknown cause. Treatment options are available in many cases.

Regular health screenings and early detection can help with managing or even preventing some of these conditions. Annual check-ups with a veterinarian, along with a watchful eye for any unusual signs or behaviors, are crucial for the well-being of a German Shepherd Dog.

German Shepherd Dog Personality

German Shepherd Dogs have an innate desire to please their people, although their sheer intelligence and dynamic energy can prove challenging for novice dog owners. Their keen minds thrive on stimulation and purpose, and without proper engagement, they may resort to undesirable behaviors out of boredom or frustration. It’s essential, therefore, for potential GSD owners to understand the commitment to training and mental stimulation required to raise a well-adjusted dog.

German Shepherds are not just emotionally intelligent; they are deeply sensitive creatures. They form profound connections with their families, and this bond manifests in various ways. They can be keenly attuned to their owner’s emotions and moods, often providing comfort or company when it’s most needed. However, this sensitivity also means they might struggle with changes in their environment or routine, needing reassurance and consistency.

Separation anxiety is not uncommon in German Shepherds. Their loyalty to their families means they thrive on companionship and may exhibit distress when left alone for extended periods. Owners need to be aware of this potential challenge and find ways to gradually acclimatize their dogs to short periods of solitude.

Socializing this breed from a young age is pivotal. Positive interactions with various people, animals, and environments can help to mold a well-rounded and confident adult dog. Given their protective instincts, German Shepherd Dogs naturally exhibit caution around strangers, making early socialization essential to prevent undue wariness or aggression.

German Shepherds typically coexist harmoniously with children, especially when raised with them. Their protective nature often extends to younger family members, making the breed an excellent family guardian. However, interactions with very young children should always be supervised, given the breed’s size and energy levels.

With other animals, especially other dogs, the behavior of the breed can vary. Some German Shepherd Dogs are sociable and play well with others, although it’s not uncommon for many to exhibit more dominant tendencies. Early and positive introductions to other animals can promote harmonious (but always supervised) interactions.

German Shepherd Dog Feeding & Nutrition

The German Shepherd Dog, being a large and active breed, has specific nutritional requirements that are crucial to its overall health, vitality, and longevity. A balanced and tailored diet not only fuels the dog’s daily activities, it also supports a muscular physique and caters to the breed’s metabolic rate.

Puppyhood is a critical phase in the life of a GSD, marked by rapid growth and development. During this period, a diet rich in proteins, fats, and essential nutrients is paramount. High-quality puppy food designed for large breeds ensures each puppy receives the calcium and phosphorus needed to support growing bones and joints. Given the breed’s rapid growth, portion control and multiple meals—usually three to four times a day—can aid in steady and healthy weight gain.

As German Shepherds transition into adulthood, their dietary needs evolve. While protein remains essential for muscle maintenance, the focus shifts towards maintaining an ideal weight and supporting their active lifestyle. Premium adult dog food, rich in meat-based proteins, wholesome grains, and essential fatty acids, is ideal. The inclusion of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids can benefit skin and coat health, while glucosamine and chondroitin can support joint health, particularly crucial for a breed prone to hip dysplasia.

The amount of food that a German Shepherd requires can vary based on several factors. Age, metabolism, activity level, and overall health play pivotal roles in determining a dog’s daily caloric intake. On average, an adult GSD may consume 2 to 4 cups of high-quality dog food daily, split into two meals. However, active or working dogs might require more food to meet their energy demands, while more sedentary or senior dogs will likely need less.

It’s crucial for owners to monitor their German Shepherd’s weight and body condition. Regularly feeling the dog’s ribs, observing the waistline, and watching for signs of excess weight can guide adjustments at mealtime. Obesity can lead to numerous health problems, so maintaining an ideal weight is vital.

Lastly, hydration plays an equally important role in a German Shepherd Dog’s diet. Providing constant access to fresh and clean water is essential, especially after exercise or during warmer summer months.

German Shepherd Dog Training

Training is a cornerstone of the German Shepherd Dog’s life. The breed’s intelligence, drive, and willingness to work makes it exceptionally trainable, but it also means it requires consistent and structured guidance. These characteristics, combined with the breed’s size and energy, underscore the importance of early and ongoing training.

Training during puppyhood lays the foundation for a well-behaved adult dog. Basic commands such as “sit,” “stay,” and “come” are essential. Equally crucial is early socialization, where the puppy is exposed to various people, environments, sounds, and other animals. This broad exposure helps to develop a confident and well-adjusted adult German Shepherd.

Given the breed’s size and strength, obedience training is a must. German Shepherds thrive in structured environments where they understand what is expected of them. Reinforcing positive behaviors with rewards, and consistent redirection of undesired behaviors, helps with building a bond of trust and respect between the dog and the owner.

Beyond learning basic commands, the GSD benefits immensely from tasks that challenge the breed’s intelligence. Puzzle toys, advanced Obedience, Tracking exercises, and Agility training can keep the dog’s mind sharp. Given its heritage as a working dog, the breed typically enjoys activities that mimic tasks, such as Herding Trials or Search and Rescue exercises.

While German Shepherds are known for their loyalty and protective nature, these traits can manifest as overprotectiveness or even aggression without proper training. It’s essential to teach these dogs from a young age when to be alert and when to be at ease. Addressing unnecessary barking, digging, or chewing early on prevents these behaviors from becoming problematic habits.

Positive reinforcement, where good behavior is rewarded with treats, praise, or play, is highly effective with German Shepherds. These dogs are eager to please, so acknowledging their good behavior strengthens the bond with their handler. Conversely, harsh or punitive methods can be counterproductive, leading to distrust, fear or aggression.

Perhaps the most critical aspect of training a German Shepherd Dog is consistency. Mixed signals or sporadic training can confuse the dog and lead to undesirable behaviors. Whether it’s house training, command training, or behavioral modification, consistent messaging and routine are paramount.

German Shepherd Dog Exercise

Originating as a working dog bred primarily for herding and guarding sheep, the German Shepherd Dog possesses a high drive and notable stamina. These attributes, combined with the breed’s intelligence and eagerness, necessitate an exercise regimen that caters to both its body and mind.

A young German Shepherd is a bundle of energy, often exhibiting its playful side through games and exploration. Regular play sessions, whether a spirited game of fetch or a romp in a secured yard, meet its need for physical activity and also foster deeper bonds between the dog and its owner. Such play sessions also serve as a controlled environment where the GSD can be taught boundaries and appropriate play behavior.

Daily walks are fundamental to the exercise routine of a German Shepherd Dog. Ranging from 45 minutes to over an hour, these walks provide the dog with mental stimulation through the myriad of scents, sights, and sounds it encounters. This sensory enrichment is invaluable for keeping the dog engaged and content.

As the German Shepherd matures, its inherent drive and capabilities can be channeled into specific activities. Given its roots in herding, Herding Trials, or even simulated herding games, can be immensely satisfying for the dog. Similarly, due to its keen sense of smell and alertness, Scent Work or Tracking exercises can be both stimulating and rewarding.

Structured training beyond basic commands also doubles as exercise. Whether it’s Agility training, advanced Obedience, or even Protection work, the German Shepherd is equipped to excel. These activities not only challenge the dog’s physical capabilities, it also engages its sharp intellect, making training both fun and productive.

While it’s essential to ensure the German Shepherd Dog receives adequate exercise, overexertion, especially in puppies, can be detrimental. Their developing bones and joints can be susceptible to injuries if overworked. Hence, it’s crucial to strike a balance, taking cues from the dog’s behavior and energy levels. Having access to fresh water and providing regular breaks during exercise sessions can prevent dehydration and fatigue.

German Shepherd Dog Grooming

The German Shepherd Dog’s iconic coat, with its dense undercoat and straight or slightly wavy outer coat, serves practical functions—from protection against inclement weather to providing a bit of cushion during workouts. However, this also means the breed has specific grooming requirements that will ensure its coat remains in top condition and any health concerns are kept at bay.

Brushing is a crucial aspect of grooming for the German Shepherd. Given its double coat, the breed sheds year-round, with a notable “blow out” during the shedding seasons of spring and fall. Regular brushing, preferably multiple times a week, helps to remove the loose hairs, reduces matting, and distributes the natural oils across the coat. During periods of profuse shedding, daily brushing can help with managing the increased volume of loose hair.

Bathing a GSD is essential but should not be needed frequently. Overbathing can strip the coat of its natural oils, leading to dry skin and potential irritation. Instead, bathing once every month, or when the dog is notably dirty, is typically sufficient. Always use a dog-specific shampoo tha