Inflammatory Food

Inflammatory Food

Fifty years ago, the sugar industry quietly paid researchers at Harvard University to indicate that dietary fat was the major nutritional cause of heart disease. Their study was published in the prominent New England Journal of Medicine, and it laid the foundation for decades of nutrition misinformation perpetrated on the public by well-meaning organizations such as the American Heart Association.

Given that there are only three major components of nutrition—fat, carbohydrates, and protein, of which protein is the most costly—it was inevitable that the emphasis on low-fat diets would lead to greater consumption of sugar. This was a big score for the sugar industry, but not so much for us. We now know that diets high in refined grains and added sugars have numerous detrimental effects on our metabolism, leading to adverse lipid profiles and contributing to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

For a fascinating, detailed history of the food industry’s sabotage of human health in the name of profit, read the book Metabolical by Robert H. Lustig MD MSL.

Dog Food Facts

Dog afficionado that I am, my thoughts then turned to whether high levels of readily digested carbohydrates might also be a problem for dogs, particularly given that, nutritionally, dogs have a carnivorous bias. Here’s what I learned:

• Fact: The majority of dogs in North America (estimates suggest 80 to 90%) are fed kibble.
• Fact: On average, kibble contains between 46 and 74% carbohydrates.
• Fact: Percent carbohydrates required by adult dogs to sustain life: zero.

These facts suggest that it is critically important to understand the role of carbohydrates in kibble dog foods, which contain more carbohydrates than either fat or protein, to be sure that they promote health and longevity for our dogs. As you’ll see, however, it’s not the carbohydrates that are the problem but how those carbohydrates are processed during the manufacture of kibble.

How Kibble is Made

All kibbles are made in essentially the same way. Wet and dry pet food ingredients, some of which have already gone through heating and other processing, are mixed to form a dough. High pressure and heat are applied to cook the dough, which is then forced through tubes. Pieces of the extruded tube-shaped dough are cut off to make pellets. The pellets are then passed through a heated dryer to remove any remaining moisture. Finally, the food is sprayed with animal fats to improve flavor, vitamins to attempt to replace those damaged during the heating process, artificial colors to improve visual appeal, and preservatives. That’s how it’s done. Kill off some of the nutrients, then spray them back on. Interestingly, this is also the similar multi-step food processing, termed “ultra-processing,” that is used to produce our ready-to-eat-breakfast cereals!

The Maillard Reaction & AGEs (The Whaaat?)

It turns out that the superheating process during the production of kibble changes the quality of some nutrients in a way that no spray can replace. When certain amino acids within a protein are heated in the presence of sugars, a series of chemical rearrangements occurs, called the Maillard reaction. The final products of this reaction are called advanced glycation end-products or AGEs. This process is irreversible, and it actually decreases the availability of certain amino acids in the dog’s food, because they become bound up as part of the AGEs.

You Are What You Eat

Because AGEs are big and bulky, they are resistant to degradation in the gut. As a result, the AGEs are absorbed and enter the circulation, where they are distributed to all parts of the body. Since the body is constantly replacing itself, they accumulate and gradually become part of the protein structure of the entire body. Studies are beginning to demonstrate the numerous effects these AGE-modified proteins have on health and disease in both humans and our canine companions.

Here are some of the known effects of AGEs (Figure 1):

• AGEs stimulate inflammatory responses, creating a state of chronic systemic inflammation, which is associated with the development of cancers in both humans and dogs.
• AGEs can hinder the repair of tissues, especially tissues that have a high protein content, such as ligaments and tendons. This, in turn, can lead to more rapid signs of aging.
• AGEs in humans have been linked to atherosclerosis, kidney disease, retinopathy, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes mellitus in people.
• Increased levels of AGEs in dogs have also been seen in tissues of people with diabetes, cataracts, osteoarthritis, canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome, vascular dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
• The immune system interacts with AGEs, resulting in increased production of inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to an increase in allergic responses in the gut, expressed as inflammatory bowel disease.

The content of AGEs in processed commercial pet foods is about the same as in processed human food products. In pet foods, AGE levels in canned food are higher than kibble which, in turn, are higher than a fresh, minimally processed food. Shockingly, the average daily intake of AGEs by most dogs fed kibble is 122 times higher than that of humans (as a percentage of metabolic body weight)! This is exacerbated by the fact that most dogs eat exclusively ultra-processed pet food for their entire lives!

Taken together, these data suggest that by reducing our dogs’ exposure to dietary AGEs we might improve their overall health and longevity.

What Can You Do?

Once we learned that heating protein with sugars at high temperatures results in the production of AGEs, and that AGEs contribute to chronic diseases, cancer, and aging in dogs, we decided to reduce the exposure of our own dogs to AGEs. For us, that translates to feeding a diet that contains as high a percentage of fresh food as possible (Figure 2) and reducing the amount of kibble and canned food that our dogs consume. Human nutritionists tell us to limit our grocery shopping as much as possible to items along the outside walls of the grocery store. These are where the freshest, least processed foods are found. We try to do the equivalent for our dogs.

I know you’d like us to name the specific dog foods we feed, but what’s best for our dogs might not be best for yours. So, you’re going to have to do some research. It’s not that different from learning about which are the healthiest foods for yourself and your family. After all, would you spend your entire life eating just one, highly processed food at every meal?

It’s not that different from learning about which are the healthiest foods for yourself and your family. After all, would you spend your entire life eating just one, highly processed food at every meal?

Where can you find independent information to help you select the best food for your furry friend? Unfortunately, there is currently no gold-standard source for independent evaluation of dog foods. However, there is an ever-growing number of fresh dog foods available on the market, even at the major pet food chains. Use the freshness hierarchy as your guide.

It is not our intent to make you feel guilty for feeding kibble. We both fed kibble for many years, and still use it for training treats and when traveling. Kibble is convenient and less expensive than fresh foods. Many dogs have done well on kibble diets for decades. But, after learning of the detrimental effects of the products of heat-processed foods on canine metabolism, we decided to try doing just a little better. We strongly believe that most dogs will benefit from the replacement of at least some portion of their highly processed foods with a fresher alternative. Certainly, the evidence suggests that for dogs with allergies, chronic osteoarthritis, diabetes, or other chronic diseases, replacing highly processed food with a fresher alternative is likely to improve their health and longevity. Why not give it a try?

Guidelines for Choosing the Best Dog Foods

• Choose foods that are sourced and processed in North America.
• Rotate your dogs’ foods among several select manufacturers to provide food from a variety of sources and using a variety of recipes. This helps to reduce the effects of any unintended ingredient errors.
• Choose a food that has been both formulated by qualified PhD or American College of Veterinary Nutrition (ACVIM) nutritionists and has been through feeding trials.
• Purchase minimally processed dog foods (commercial raw, cooked or freeze-dried)—whatever makes you comfortable. Note that raw and cooked foods have similar digestibility.